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Land-based stressors, such as nutrient and chemical pollution run-off, link coastal marine systems to terrestrial human activities and represent important and often dominant stressors in coastal ecosystems. Funding for computation infrastructure used by CT, JCV, GB and MF was provided by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Ĭoastal marine ecosystems face myriad human pressures, including those from climate change, overfishing, offshore commercial uses, and land-based activities such as agriculture. Partial support for KC was provided by National Science Foundation SES-1832393. Additional funding for CPT came from the UC President's Dissertation Year Fellowship program and the Earth Institute Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, Columbia University.
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įunding: Support for BSH, JCV, CPT, MF, and GB was provided by National Philanthropic Trust. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All data are available at Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity (KNB). Received: Accepted: OctoPublished: November 10, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Tuholske et al. PLoS ONE 16(11):Įditor: Bijeesh Kozhikkodan Veettil, Duy Tan University, VIET NAM This will help prioritize conservation efforts.Without such information, coastal ecosystems and the human communities that depend on them will remain imperiled.Ĭitation: Tuholske C, Halpern BS, Blasco G, Villasenor JC, Frazier M, Caylor K (2021) Mapping global inputs and impacts from of human sewage in coastal ecosystems. Researchers and practitioners can also overlay these global, high resolution, wastewater input maps with maps describing the distribution of habitats and species, including humans, to determine the where the impacts of wastewater pressures are highest. Reducing impacts of nitrogen and pathogens on coastal ecosystems requires a greater focus on where wastewater inputs vary across the planet. However, our model identifies important fine-grained spatial heterogeneity that highlight potential tradeoffs and synergies essential for management actions. Across watersheds, N and FIO inputs are generally correlated. Importantly, model results find that 58% of coral and 88% of seagrass beds are exposed to wastewater N input. We find that just 25 watersheds contribute nearly half of all wastewater N, but wastewater impacts most coastlines globally, with sewered, septic, and untreated wastewater inputs varying greatly across watersheds and by country. Of total wastewater N, 63% (3.9Tg N) comes from sewered systems, 5% (0.3Tg N) from septic, and 32% (2.0Tg N) from direct input. Our model indicates that wastewater adds 6.2Tg nitrogen into coastal waters, which is approximately 40% of total nitrogen from agriculture. Because solutions depend on the source, we separate nitrogen and pathogen inputs from sewer, septic, and direct inputs. To address this gap, we use a new high-resolution geospatial model to measure and map nitrogen (N) and pathogen-fecal indicator organisms (FIO)-inputs from human sewage for ~135,000 watersheds globally. As such, we lack a comprehensive, fine-resolution, global assessment of human sewage inputs that captures both pathogens and nutrient flows to coastal waters and the potential impacts on coastal ecosystems. Few studies have assessed impacts of human wastewater on coastal ecosystems and community health. These impacts not only harm coastal species and ecosystems but also impact human health and economic activities.
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Research on terrestrial threats to coastal ecosystems has primarily focused on agricultural runoff, specifically showcasing how fertilizers and livestock waste create coastal eutrophication, harmful algae blooms, or hypoxic or anoxic zones. Coastal marine ecosystems face a host of pressures from both offshore and land-based human activity.